This means that for the first time in two decades, the public domain saw new additions in 2019, specifically (almost all) works created in 1923. authors welcome new additions to the PD, allowing them to create works that would previously have been illegal. In fact, the main US lobby for authors now publicly advocates reducing copyright terms! note It Makes Sense in Context. (Ironically, the very same Hollywood corporations responsible for the original copyright durations would probably be the first to fight tooth and nail to keep certain properties in the public domain, if only so that they could continue making movies with some of the characters mentioned below.) However, no copyright extension took place in 2018 not even Disney lobbied for such a change. As of January 2012, it is now possible in the United States for works to be taken back out of the public domain, leading to the inevitable conclusion that the pool of public domain characters has not only reached its maximum size, it is likely to shrink. Given Congress' willingness to extend copyright duration any time Hollywood demands it, it is entirely possible that - in America at least - the pool of public domain characters has reached its maximum size and will grow no larger, except by accident or oversight. It is generally agreed that the most recent extension of American copyright duration - the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act - was enacted at the behest of the Disney Company solely to keep Mickey Mouse cartoons from entering the public domain. Thanks to the trend of various changes in legislation, copyright terms can sometimes be cynically described as lasting at least X+20 years, where X is the number of years since the release of Steamboat Willie, the first widely-released Mickey Mouse cartoon. In Australia, the work of any author who died before 1955 is public domain the country changed from a "life plus 50" term to "life plus 70" in 2004, but did not make the change retroactive. Mexico is also a party to that agreement, in which its "life plus 100" term is preserved. Though Canada is a party to a 2018 trade agreement that uses a minimum life-plus-70 term, it remains to be seen whether they will make that change retroactive. Lewis and Ian Fleming (died in 19) are no longer under copyright in those countries. Most notably, the authors only have to be dead for 50 years for their works to enter public domain in Canada or New Zealand - meaning that those of C.
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